Telangana
Telangana (
i/tɛlənˈɡɑːnə/) is a state in the Southern region of India. It has an area of 114,840 km2 and is the twelfth largest state in India. Most of it was part of the princely state of Hyderabad (Medak and Warangal Divisions), ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad during the British Raj, joining the Union of India in 1948. On 2 June 2014, Telangana was formed from Andhra Pradesh as a new 29th state of India, with the city of Hyderabad as its capital.[3] Hyderabad will continue to serve as the joint capital city for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for a period of not more than ten years.
Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh to the north, Karnataka to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the south and east.[4] Telangana has an area of 114,840 square kilometres (44,340 sq mi), and a population of 35,286,757 (2011 census).[5] Its major cities include Hyderabad, Warangal, Nizamabad, and Karimnagar.
Contents
Etymology[edit]
The name Telangana is thought to have been derived from the word Trilinga, as in the Trilinga Desa, which translates to "the country of the three lingas". According to a Hindu legend, Shiva descended in the lingam form on three mountains, Kaleshwaram, Srisailam and Draksharama, which marked the boundaries of the Trilingadesa, later called Telinga, Telunga or Telugu.[6][7]
Telinga is mentioned in Mahabharata as "Telingadesha" whose people fought in Kurukshetra War with the Pandavas against the Kauravas.
The word "Telinga" changed over time to "Telangana" and the name "Telangana" was designated to distinguish the predominantly Telugu-speaking region of the erstwhile Hyderabad State from its predominantly Marathi-speaking one, Marathwada.[8]
One of the earliest uses of a word similar to Telangana can also be seen in a name of Malik Maqbul (14th century C.E.), who was called the Tilangani, which implies that he was from Tilangana. He was the commander of the Warangal Fort (Kaṭaka Pāludu).[9]
History[edit]
Early history[edit]
The Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE to 220 CE) became the dominant power in the area. It originated from the lands between the Godavari and Krishna rivers.[10] After the decline of the Satavahanas, various dynasties, such as the Vakataka, Vishnukundina, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta and Western Chalukya, ruled the area.[11]
Kakatiya Dynasty[edit]
The Telangana area experienced its golden age during the reign of the Kakatiya dynasty , which ruled most parts of the present day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana from 1083 to 1323 CE.[11] Ganapatideva, who came to power in 1199, was known as the greatest of the Kakatiyas, and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Telugu Cholas, who accepted his suzerainty in the year 1210. He established order in his vast dominion that stretched from the Godavari delta in the east to Raichur (in modern day Karnataka) in the west and from Karimnagar and Bastar (in modern day Chhattisgarh) in the north to Srisailam and Tripurantakam, near Ongole, in the south.Rulers of Bastar state belong to kakatiya dynasty. Bastar was a princely state in India during the British Raj. It was founded in the early 14th century,[1] by Annama Deva, the brother of Kakatiya king Pratapa Rudra Deva of Warangal (Telangana). It was during his reign that the Golkonda fort was constructed.[12] Rudrama Devi and Prataparudra were prominent rulers from the Kakatiya dynasty. The dynasty weakened with the attack of Malik Kafur in 1309 and was dissolved after the defeat of Prataparudra by the forces of Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1323.[13][14]
Qutb Shahi and Asaf Jahi's[edit]
The area came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century, followed by the Bahmani Sultanate. Quli Qutb Mulk, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort.[15]
In 1712, Qamar-ud-din Khan was appointed by emperor Farrukhsiyar as the viceroy of Deccan with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (meaning "Administrator of the Realm"). He was later recalled to Delhi, with Mubariz Khan appointed as the viceroy. In 1724, Qamar-ud-din Khan defeated Mubariz Khan to reclaim the Deccan suba, establishing it as an autonomous province of the Mughal empire. He took the name Asif Jah, starting what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty.[11] He named the area Hyderabad Deccan. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were called Asif Jahi nizams or nizams of Hyderabad. The Medak and Warangal divisions of Telengana were part of their realm.[16]
When Asif Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the nizams. The nizam Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV signed the Subsidiary Alliance with the British in 1799 and lost its control over the state's defence and foreign affairs. Hyderabad State became a princely state among the presidencies and provinces of British India.[16]
Post-independence[edit]
When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the nizam of Hyderabad did not want to merge with the Indian Union and wanted to remain independent. The Government of India annexed Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948 after a military operation called Operation Polo.[11] It appointed a civil servant, M. K. Vellodi, as first chief minister of Hyderabad State on 26 January 1950.[17] He administered the state with the help of English-educated bureaucrats from the Madras and Bombay states, who were familiar with Indian systems of administration unlike the bureaucrats of Hyderabad state who used a completely different administrative system. The official language of the state was switched from Urdu to English.
In 1952, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected chief minister of the Hyderabad State in its first democratic election. During this time, there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send the Madras state bureaucrats back and implement a rule by the natives (mulkis) of Hyderabad.[18]
Meanwhile, Telugu-speaking areas in the Northern Circars and Rayalaseema regions were carved out of the erstwhile Madras state as a result of the 'fast unto death' protest by Potti Sreeramulu to create Andhra State in 1953.[19][20][21]
Telangana Rebellion[edit]
The Telangana Rebellion was a peasant revolt supported by the communists. It originated in the Telangana regions of the Hyderabad state between 1946 and 1951, led by the Communist Party of India (CPI).[22]
The revolt began in the Nalgonda district against the feudal lords of Reddy and Velama castes. It quickly spread to the Warangal and Bidar districts. Peasant farmers and labourers revolted against the local feudal landlords (jagirdars and deshmukhs) and later against the nizam Osman Ali Khan. The violent phase of the movement ended after the Government of India's Operation Polo.[23] Starting in 1951, the CPI shifted to a more moderate strategy of seeking to bring communism to India within the framework of Indian democracy.[24]
States Reorganisation Commission[edit]
In December 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was appointed to form states on a linguistic basis.[25] An agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests.[26] After reorganisation in 1956, the region of Telangana was merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh.
Following this Gentlemen's agreement, the central government established the unified state of Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956.[19][27][28] G.O 553 of 1959 from the united Andra Pradesh state moved two revenue divisions of Bhadrachalam and Aswaraopeta from East Godavari to Khammam for administrative convenience.
Telangana movement[edit]
There have been several movements to revoke the merger of Telangana and Andhra, major ones occurring in 1969, 1972, and 2009. The movement for a new state of Telangana gained momentum over the decades.[29] On 9 December 2009 the Government of India announced the process of formation of the Telangana state. Violent protests led by people in the Coastal Andhra and Rayalseema regions occurred immediately after the announcement, and the decision was put on hold on 23 December 2009.
The movement continued in Hyderabad and other districts of Telangana.[30] There have been hundreds of claimed suicides[citation needed], strikes, protests and disturbances to public life demanding separate statehood.
Formation of Telangana[edit]
On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously passed a resolution to recommend the formation of a separate Telangana state. After various stages the bill was placed in the Parliament in February 2014.[31] In February 2014, Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of Telangana state comprising ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh.[32] The bill received the assent of the President and published in the Gazette on 1 March 2014.[33]
The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014. Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao was elected as the first chief minister of Telangana, following elections in which the Telangana Rashtra Samiti party secured majority.[34] Hyderabad will remain as the joint capital of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period of 10 years.[35]
Geography[edit]
Telangana is situated on the Deccan Plateau, in the central stretch of the eastern seaboard of the Indian Peninsula. It covers 114,800 square kilometres (44,300 sq mi). The region is drained by two major rivers, with about 79% of the Godavari River catchment area and about 69% of the Krishna River catchment area, but most of the land is arid.[4] Telangana is also drained by several minor rivers such as the Bhima, the Manjira and the Musi.
The annual rainfall is between 900 to 1500 mm in northern Telangana and 700 to 900 mm in southern Telangana, from the southwest monsoons. Various soil types abound, including chalkas, red sandy soils, dubbas, deep red loamy soils, and very deep b.c. [clarification needed] soils that facilitate planting mangoes, oranges and flowers.[36] About 45% of the forest area of previous Andhra Pradesh state is located in five districts of Telangana.
Climate[edit]
Telangana is a semi-arid area and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers start in March, and peak in May with average high temperatures in the 42 °C (108 °F) range. The monsoon arrives in June and lasts until September with about 755 mm (29.7 inches) of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures in the 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) range.
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Ecology[edit]
The Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests ecoregion covers much of the state, including Hyderabad. The characteristic vegetation is woodlands of Hardwickia binata and Albizia amara. Over 80% of the original forest cover has been cleared for agriculture, timber harvesting, or cattle grazing, but large blocks of forest can be found in Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve and elsewhere.[41] The more humid Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests cover the Eastern Ghats in the eastern part of the state.
National Parks and Sanctuaries[edit]
Telangana has three National Parks: Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park in Hyderabad district, and Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Mrugavani National Park in Ranga Reddy district.
Wildlife Sanctuaries in Telangana include Eturunagaram Wildlife Sanctuary and Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary in Warangal District, Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary and Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary in Adilabad district, Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary in Khammam district, Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary in Medak district, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Nalgonda and Mahbubnagar districts and in Andhra Pradesh, Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary in Medak and Nizamabad districts, Shivaram Wildlife Sanctuary in Karimnagar district, and Siwaram Wildlife Sanctuary in Adilabad and Karimnagar districts.
Sacred groves are small areas of forest preserved by local people. Sacred groves provide sanctuary to the local flora and fauna. Some are included within other protected areas, like Kadalivanam in Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, but most stand alone. There are 65 sacred groves Telangana – two in Adilabad district, thirteen in Hyderabad district, four in Karimnagar district, four in Khammam district, nine in Mahbubnagar district, four in Medak district, nine in Nalgonda district, ten in Ranga Reddy district, and three in Warangal district.[42]
Government and politics[edit]
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This section does not cite any references or sources. (July 2014) |
Telangana is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are three branches of government.
- Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.
- The legislature, the Telangana Legislative Assembly and the Telangana Legislative Council, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The Assembly is bicameral with 119 Members of the Legislative Assembly and 40 Member of the Legislative Council. Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third members retiring every two years.
- The judiciary is composed of the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad and a system of lower courts.
Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes seats to Lok Sabha.
The main players in the regional politics are the Telangana Rashtra Samithi, Telugu Desam Party and Indian National Congress. Following the Telangana Legislative Assembly Election in 2014, the Telangana Rashtra Samithi under Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao was elected to power.
Demographics[edit]
According to the Backward Regions Grant Fund 2009–10, 13 backward districts are located in Andhra Pradesh: nine (all except Hyderabad) are from Telangana and the rest are from other regions.[43]
The religious makeup of Telangana is 86% Hindu, 12.4% Muslim, and 1.2% Christian, and 0.4% others.[44][45]
About 76% of the population of Telangana speak Telugu, 12% speak Urdu, and 12% speak other languages.[46][47] Before 1948, Urdu was the official language of Hyderabad State, and due to a lack of Telugu-language educational institutions, Urdu was the language of the educated elite of Telangana. After 1948, once Hyderabad State joined the new Republic of India, Telugu became the language of government, and as Telugu was introduced as the medium of instruction in schools and colleges, the use of Urdu among non-Muslims decreased.[48]
According to the 2011 census, Telangana literacy rate is 67.22%.[49] Male literacy and female literacy are 75.6% and 58.77% respectively. Hyderabad district leading with 80.96% and Mahboobnagar district at the bottom with 56.06%.[50]
Culture[edit]
Telangana culture combines cultural customs from Persian traditions embedded during Moghuls, Qutub Shahis and Nizams rule with prominent and predominantly south Indian traditions and customs. The State has a rich tradition in classical music. Kuchipudi dance, an important classical dance form is a major dance from of the region. It is a rich painting and folk arts such as Burra katha, shadow puppet show, and perini Shiva Tandavam, Gusadi Dance, Kolatam.
Economy[edit]
The Economy of Telangana is mainly driven by agriculture. Two important rivers of India, the Godavari and Krishna, flow through the state, providing irrigation. Farmers in Telangana mainly depend on rain-fed water sources for irrigation. Rice is the major food crop. other important crops are cotton, sugar cane, mango and tobacco are the local crops. Recently, crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, the world's highest masonry dam.[51][52]
The state has also started to focus on the fields of information technology and biotechnology. Telangana is one of top IT exporting states of India. There are 68 Special Economic Zones in the state.[53]
Telangana is a mineral-rich state, with coal reserves at Singareni Colleries.[54]
Agriculture[edit]
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This section does not cite any references or sources. (June 2014) |
Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state. Other important crops are tobacco, mango, cotton and sugar cane. Agriculture has been the chief source of income for the state's economy. Important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna flow through the state, providing irrigation. Apart from major rivers, there are small rivers as Tunga Bhadra, Bima, Dindi, Kinnerasani, Manjeera, Manair, Penganga, Pranahitha, peddavagu and Taliperu.There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, the world's highest masonry dam.
Agri Export Zones for the following produce are proposed at the places mentioned against them:
- Gherkins – Mahaboobnagar, Rangareddy, Medak, Karimnagar, Warangal
- Mangoes and Grapes - Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Medak, Mahaboobnagar
Industries[edit]
Several major manufacturing and services industries are in operation mainly around Hyderabad. Automobiles and auto components industry, spices, mines and minerals, textiles and apparels, pharmaceutical, horticulture, poultry farming are the main industries in Telangana.[citation needed]
In terms of services, Hyderabad is usually nicknamed as Cyberabad due to its information technology foray and location of major software industries in the city.[55][56] Prior to secession, it contributed 15% to India's and 98% to Adhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors last 2013[57] With Hyderabad as in the front line of Telangana's aims to promote information technology in India, the city boasts the HITEC City as its premier hub.
The state government is in the process of developing Industrial Parks at different places, for specific groups of industries. The existing parks are Software Park at Hyderabad, HITEC City for software units, Apparel Park at Gundlapochampalli, Export Promotion Park at Pashamylaram, Bio-technology park at Turkapally.[citation needed]
Tourism[edit]
Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation (TSTDC) is a state government agency which promotes tourism in Telangana.[58] Telangana has a variety of tourist attractions including historical places, monuments, forts, water falls, forests and temples.
Infrastructure[edit]
Power[edit]
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Hydel and thermal power projects in the state meets the power requirements of the State. Number of new power projects are coming up in the State which is expected to generate additional power capacity in the state.
Transportation[edit]
The state is well connected other states with road, rail and airways. However, since Telangana is landlocked, it does not have any seaports.
Roadways[edit]
The Telangana State Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC) is the major public transport corporation that connects all the cities and villages.[59] Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station (M.G.B.S) in Hyderabad is one of the largest bus stand in Asia.[60][61] Jubilee Bus Station in Secunderabad serves inter city bus services. Asia's biggest Inter City Bus Terminal (ICBT) is being built in Miyapur (Hyderabad), which would house nearly 200 bus bays and for parking nearly 1,000 buses.[62]
Railways[edit]
The history of railways in this region dates back to the time of nizam of Hyderabad in 1874.[63] It operates under the auspices of the South Central Railway founded in 1966. The landmark building Rail Nilayam in Secunderabad is the Zonal Headquarter office of South Central Railway. Secunderabad and Hyderabad are the main divisions of South Central Railway that fall in the state.[64]
Airports[edit]
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at Shamshabad is an international airport serving the city of Hyderabad. It is the largest airport in the state and one of the busiest airports in the country. The government has plans to upgrade Warangal Airport, Nizamabad Airport[65] and Ramagundam Airport It also plans to construct airports in Karimnagar and Kothagudem.[66] Warangal has a domestic airport which was established in the year 1930 during Nizam period. All the exports and imports of Azam Jahi Mills, Warangal were done through the Warangal Airport.[citation needed]
Culture[edit]
Monuments[edit]
Charminar, Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Chowmahalla Palace, Falaknuma Palace and Bhongir Fort, are some of the monuments in the state. The Charminar, built in 1591 CE, is a monument and mosque located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The landmark has become a global icon of Hyderabad, listed among the most recognized structures of India. The Charminar is on the east bank of Musi river. To the northeast lies the Laad Bazaar and in the west end lies the granite-made richly ornamented Makkah Masjid. The English name is a transliteration and combination of the Urdu words Chār and Minar, translating to "Four Towers"; the eponymous towers are ornate minarets attached and supported by four grand arches.
Religious tourism[edit]
- Keesaragutta Ramalingeshwara Swamy temple is very famous. Shivratri is very well celebrated every year.
- Warangal - The Thousand Pillar Temple is one of the oldest temples of South India that was built by the kakatiya. It is believed that the Thousand Pillar Temple was built by King Rudra Deva in 1163 AD. The Thousand Pillar Temple is a specimen of the Kakatiyan style of architecture of the 12th century. There are one thousand pillars in the building and the temple, but no pillar obstructs a person in any point of the temple to see the god in the other temple.
- Ramappa Temple is a unbelievably architecture located near Mulugu which is 70 Kms away from Warangal
- Bhadrachalam Temple is a temple to Lord Rama in the town of Bhadrachalam in Khammam district. It is situated on the banks of the river Godavari. This is the place where Kancherla Gopanna (1620–1680) wrote his devotional songs dedicated to lord Rama. Sri Rama Navami, a celebration of the Marriage of Lord Rama and sita, is celebrated here every year. Government of Andhra Pradesh sends pearls for the event.[67]
- Yadagirigutta Temple- a famous temple located in Nalgonda District, only 46 km from Hyderabad.
- Other religious places include, Buddhist centres at Nelakondapalli, Dhulikatta Phanigiri and Kolanpaka.[68]
Water falls[edit]
Kuntala Waterfall located in Kuntala, Adilabad district, at 45 metres (148 ft), is the biggest in the state.
Other attractions[edit]
Education[edit]
Telangana has multiple institutes of higher education universities along with numerous primary and secondary schools.The state is home to a number of institutes, which impart higher education. The Department of Higher Education deals with matters relating to education at various levels in the State.
The Government has established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater to the educational needs of the gifted rural youth of Telangana.[69] The higher education includes many colleges, universities and research institutes providing professional education in the fields of arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, business, and veterinary sciences, with undergraduate and post graduation.
Sports[edit]
Sports are Cricket, Tennis, Badminton, Kabaddi. The Hyderabad cricket team is represented in the Ranji Trophy and had won twice. The Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium is the home ground of Hyderabad cricket team. It hosts international as well as domestic matches. The Sunrisers Hyderabad, an Indian Premier League franchise, is based in Hyderabad.
Notable sportspersons from the state are Mohammad Azharuddin, V. V. S. Laxman, Saina Nehwal and Gagan Narang, as well as Sania Mirza who has been appointed as the "brand ambassador" of Telangana.
Other stadiums include Gachibowli Athletic Stadium and G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^ Telangana State Portal
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- ^ a b "Administrative and Geographical Profile" (pdf). Telangana State Portal. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
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- ^ "Pro-Telangana AP govt employees threaten agitation". The Economic Times. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
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|first1=missing|last1=in Authors list (help) - ^ "The Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act, 2014". Ministry of law and justice, government of India. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ Amarnath K Menon (1 June 2014). "Telangana is born, KCR to take oath as its first CM". THE INDIA TODAY GROUP (Hyderabad). Retrieved 14 July 2014.[dead link]
- ^ Amid chaos and slogans, Rajya Sabha clears Telangana bill – NDTV, 20 Feb 2014
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- ^ "Hyderabad climate normals 1971–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the USA. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
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Further reading[edit]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- "Regionalism". India: A country study. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress of the USA (September 1995). (Direct link.)
- Virendra Kumar (1975). "Committee on Telangana surpluses, 1969 – Report by Justice Bhargava". Committees and commissions in India, 1947–1973 9. New Delhi: D. K. Publishing House. p. 175. ISBN 8170221978. Retrieved December 2013.
- Sarojini Regani (1986). Nizam – British Relations 1724–1857. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 8170221951. Retrieved December 2013.
- Duncan B. Forrester (Spring 1970). "Subregionalism in India: The Case of Telangana". Pacific Affairs (University of British Columbia) 43 (1): 5–21. JSTOR 2753831.
- Karen Leonard (May 1971). "The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants". The Journal of Asian Studies (Association for Asian Studies) 30 (3): 569–582. JSTOR 2052461.
External links[edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Telangana. |
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